Escrito sobre relación de causalidad en el caso de daño ambiental por emisiones del Complejo Industrial Ventanas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56116/cms.v63.n2.2023.1429Palabras clave:
Causalidad, Emisiones Industriales, Complejo Industrial Ventanas, Contaminación, Efectos en Salud, Demanda AmbientalResumen
El año 2016 el Sindicato de Trabajadores Independientes, Pescadores Artesanales, Buzos Mariscadores y Ramos Similares de Caleta Horcón presentaron una demanda por reparación de daño ambiental contra 14 empresas del Complejo Industrial Ventanas y el Ministerio del Medio
Ambiente. Como parte fundamental de esta demanda se requería, como punto de prueba, el demostrar que existe una relación causal entre la presencia del Complejo Industrial Ventanas y daño a la salud de las poblaciones adyacentes. En este contexto se me solicitó participar como testigo en la causa por parte de los demandantes. El escrito que se acompaña plasma las reflexiones con respecto este punto central de la deman- da, acompañado de un cuerpo importante de la evidencia de contaminación y efectos en salud en la zona.
Descargas
Citas
Baker, D., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2008). Environmental Epidemiology: Study methods and application. Oxford University Press.
Berasaluce, M., Mondaca, P., Schuhmacher, M., Bravo, M., Sauvé, S., Navarro-Villarroel, C., Dovletyarova, E. A., & Neaman, A. (2019). Soil and indoor dust as environmental media of human exposure to As, Cd, Cu, and Pb near a copper smelter in central Chile. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 54, 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.04.006
Bravo, M. A., Parra, S., Quiroz, W., & Neaman, A. (2019). HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT TO MERCURY THROUGH HAIR ANALYSIS IN COASTAL VILLAGES OF THE VALPARAISO REGION (CHILE). In J. Chil. Chem. Soc (Vol. 64).
Carvajal, Y. (2019). INFORME AMICUS CURIAE SOBRE EL PLAN DE DESCONTAMINACIÓN DE VENTANAS.
Cereceda-Balic, F., Gala-Morales, M. de la, Palomo-Marín, R., Fadic, X., Vidal, V., Funes, M., Rueda-Holgado, F., & Pinilla-Gil, E. (2020). Spatial distribution, sources, and risk assessment of major ions ad trace elements in rainwater at Puchuncaví Valley, Chile: The impact of industrial activities. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11(6), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.03.003
Convenio de Basilea. (2023). Http://Www.Basel.Int/Portals/4/Basel%20convention/Docs/Text/Baselconventiontext-s.Pdf.
Cranor, C. F. (1993). Regulating Toxic Substances: A Philosophy of Science and the Law. Oxford University Press.
Cranor, C. F. (2016). Toxic Torts. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316585368
Crinnion, W., & Pizzorno, J. (2018). Clinical Environmental Medicine: Identification and Natural Treatment of Diseases Caused by Common Pollutants.
Departamento de Salud Pública. Pontificia Universidad de Católica. (2011). Evaluación de los efectos en salud en escolares asistentes a la Escuela Básica La Greda.
Fragkou, M. C. (2019). Environmental Justice. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies (pp. 1–6). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0091
Frumkin, H. (2016). Environmental Justice. In Environmental Health: From Local to Global. Wiley.
Gayo, E. M., Muñoz, A. A., Maldonado, A., Lavergne, C., Francois, J. P., Rodríguez, D., Klock-Barría, K., Sheppard, P. R., Aguilera-Betti, I., Alonso-Hernández, C., Mena-Carrasco, M., Urquiza, A., & Gallardo, L. (2022). A Cross-Cutting Approach for Relating Anthropocene, Environmental Injustice and Sacrifice Zones. Earth’s Future, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002217
Greenland, S. (1990). Re: “Those who were wrong”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132(3), 585–586. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115697
Greenland, S. (1991). Invited Commentary: Science versus Public Health Action: Those Who Were Wrong Are Still Wrong. In American Journal of Epidemiology (Vol. 133, Issue 5).
Health Organization, W., & Office for Europe, R. (2013). Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution-REVIHAAP Project Technical Report. http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest
HILL, A. B. (1965). THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE: ASSOCIATION OR CAUSATION? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58(5), 295–300.
Hou, L., Zhang, X., Wang, D., & Baccarelli, A. (2012). Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(1), 79–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr154
Legaspi, E. (2019). Etnografías y tecnocracia en zona de sacrificio. Cuadernos Médico Sociales, 59(2), 41–59. https://www.facebook.com/rnsvalparaisochile/videos/215142659357856/
Lizardi, N., Aguilar, M., Bravo, M., Fedorova, T. A., & Neaman, A. (2020). Human Health Risk Assessment from the Consumption of Vegetables Grown near a Copper Smelter in Central Chile. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20(3), 1472–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00226-w
Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. (2017). Encuesta CASEN. Http://Observatorio.Ministeriodesarrollosocial.Gob.Cl/Encuesta-Casen-2017.
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. (2013). ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO ECOLÓGICO POR SUSTANCIAS POTENCIALMENTE CONTAMINANTES EN EL AIRE, SUELO Y AGUA, EN LAS COMUNAS DE CONCÓN, QUINTERO Y PUNCHUNCAVÍ.
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. (2019). Norma Primaria de Calidad del Aire de Dióxido de Azufre. Https://Mma.Gob.Cl/Norma-Primaria-de-Calidad-Del-Aire-de-Dioxido-de-Azufre-Es-Aprobada-Por-La-Contraloria-General-de-La-Republica/.
Ministerio del medio ambiente. (2023). Norma de calidad de aire. Https://Sinca.Mma.Gob.Cl/Index.Php/Pagina/Index/Id/Norma.
Muñoz, A. A., Klock-Barría, K., Sheppard, P. R., Aguilera-Betti, I., Toledo-Guerrero, I., Christie, D. A., Gorena, T., Gallardo, L., González-Reyes, Á., Lara, A., Lambert, F., Gayo, E., Barraza, F., & Chávez, R. O. (2019). Multidecadal environmental pollution in a mega-industrial area in central Chile registered by tree rings. Science of the Total Environment, 696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133915
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology (M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199378784.001.0001
Parra, S., Bravo, M. A., Quiroz, W., Moreno, T., Karanasiou, A., Font, O., Vidal, V., & Cereceda, F. (2014). Distribution of trace elements in particle size fractions for contaminated soils by a copper smelting from different zones of the Puchuncaví Valley (Chile). Chemosphere, 111, 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.127
Parra, S., Bravo, M. A., Quiroz, W., Moreno, T., Karanasiou, A., Font, O., Vidal, V., & Cereceda-Balic, F. (2014). Source apportionment for contaminated soils using multivariate statistical methods. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 138, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2014.08.003
Parra, S., Bravo, M. A., Quiroz, W., Querol, X., & Paipa, C. (2015). Distribution and pollution assessment of trace elements in marine sediments in the Quintero Bay (Chile). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 99(1–2), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.066
Pearce, N., Blair, A., Vineis, P., Ahrens, W., Andersen, A., Anto, J. M., Armstrong, B. K., Baccarelli, A. A., Beland, F. A., Berrington, A., Bertazzi, P. A., Birnbaum, L. S., Brownson, R. C., Bucher, J. R., Cantor, K. P., Cardis, E., Cherrie, J. W., Christiani, D. C., Cocco, P., … Zahm, S. H. (2015). IARC Monographs: 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(6), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409149
Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The Book of Why: The new Science of Cause and Effect. BasicBooks.
Pérez, P. A., Hintelmann, H., Lobos, G., & Bravo, M. A. (2019). Mercury and methylmercury levels in soils associated with coal-fired power plants in central-northern Chile. Chemosphere, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124535
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Sociología. (2014). COMUNICACIÓN DEL RIESGO AMBIENTAL PARA LAS SUSTANCIAS POTENCIALMENTE CONTAMINANTES EN EL AIRE, SUELO Y AGUA, EN LAS COMUNAS DE CONCÓN, QUINTERO Y PUCHUNCAVÍ.
Roberts, S. M., James, R. C., & Williams, P. L. (2015). Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications 3rd Edición. Wiley.
Rothman, K. J. (1976). Reviews and Commentary CAUSES. In AMERICAN Journal of Epidemiology Formerly AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYGIENE.
Rothman, K. J., & Greenland, S. (2005). Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. In American Journal of Public Health (Vol. 95, Issue SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (2008). Modern Epidemiology. Wolters.
Rueda-Holgado, F., Calvo-Blázquez, L., Cereceda-Balic, F., & Pinilla-Gil, E. (2016). Temporal and spatial variation of trace elements in atmospheric deposition around the industrial area of Puchuncaví-Ventanas (Chile) and its influence on exceedances of lead and cadmium critical loads in soils. Chemosphere, 144, 1788–1796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.079
Rueda-Holgado, F., Palomo-Marín, M. R., Calvo-Blázquez, L., Cereceda-Balic, F., & Pinilla-Gil, E. (2014). Fractionation of trace elements in total atmospheric deposition by filtrating-bulk passive sampling. Talanta, 125, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.019
Ruiz-Rudolph, P., Arias, N., Pardo, S., Meyer, M., Mesías, S., Galleguillos, C., Schiattino, I., & Gutiérrez, L. (2016). Impact of large industrial emission sources on mortality and morbidity in Chile: A small-areas study. Environment International, 92–93, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.036
Salmani-Ghabeshi, S., Palomo-Marín, M. R., Bernalte, E., Rueda-Holgado, F., Miró-Rodríguez, C., Cereceda-Balic, F., Fadic, X., Vidal, V., Funes, M., & Pinilla-Gil, E. (2016). Spatial gradient of human health risk from exposure to trace elements and radioactive pollutants in soils at the Puchuncaví-Ventanas industrial complex, Chile. Environmental Pollution, 218, 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.007
Salmanighabeshi, S., Palomo-Marín, M. R., Bernalte, E., Rueda-Holgado, F., Miró-Rodríguez, C., Fadic-Ruiz, X., Vidal-Cortez, V., Cereceda-Balic, F., & Pinilla-Gil, E. (2015). Long-term assessment of ecological risk from deposition of elemental pollutants in the vicinity of the industrial area of Puchuncaví-Ventanas, central Chile. Science of the Total Environment, 527–528, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.010
Sánchez, J., Romieu, I., Ruiz, S., Pino, P., & Gutiérrez, M. (1999). Efectos agudos de las partículas respirables y del dióxido de azufre sobre la salud respiratoria en niños del área industrial de Puchuncaví, Chile. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49891999001100003
Savitz, D. A., Greenland, S., Stolley, P. D., & Kelsey, J. L. (1990). Scientific Standards of Criticism: A Reaction to “Scientific Standards in Epidemiologic Studies of the Menace of Daily Life,” by A.R. Feinstein. Epidemiology, 1(1), 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199001000-00017
Susser, M. (1977). Judgement and causal inference: criteria in epidemiologic studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 105(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112349
Tapia-Gatica, J., González-Miranda, I., Salgado, E., Bravo, M. A., Tessini, C., Dovletyarova, E. A., Paltseva, A. A., & Neaman, A. (2020). Advanced determination of the spatial gradient of human health risk and ecological risk from exposure to As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils near the Ventanas Industrial Complex (Puchuncaví, Chile). Environmental Pollution, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113488
Tume, P., Barrueto, K., Olguin, M., Torres, J., Cifuentes, J., Ferraro, F. X., Roca, N., Bech, J., & Cornejo, O. (2020). The influence of the industrial area on the pollution outside its borders: a case study from Quintero and Puchuncavi districts, Chile. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(8), 2557–2572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00423-2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter (December 2019). www.epa.gov/isa
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (1989). Those who were wrong. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115320
World Health Organization. (2006). Air quality guidelines : global update 2005 : particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2021). Air quality guidelines 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329
World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2010). Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature Frying. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 95.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Pablo Ruiz Rudolph
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.